Diabetes
Diabetes means the body can't keep blood sugar in a healthy range, because it makes too little insulin or can't use it well.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form. It often develops slowly without symptoms, so many people only find out when they are tested. Good control with food, activity and, when needed, medicine greatly lowers the risk of damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart.
Know your numbers
Fasting blood sugar and HbA1c
Fasting sugar
HbA1c (3-month average)
Normal
Fasting sugar
Below 5.6 mmol/L
HbA1c (3-month average)
Below 5.7%
Prediabetes
Fasting sugar
5.6 – 6.9 mmol/L
HbA1c (3-month average)
5.7 – 6.4%
Diabetes
Fasting sugar
7.0 mmol/L or higher
HbA1c (3-month average)
6.5% or higher
A diagnosis needs a lab test, usually repeated. A home glucometer is for tracking.
Signs to watch for
- Strong thirst and dry mouth
- Urinating often, including at night
- Tiredness and low energy
- Blurred vision
- Wounds that heal slowly or frequent infections
- Weight loss without trying
What you can do
- Cut sugary drinks such as soda and sweetened juice
- Fill half your plate with vegetables and choose whole-grain ugali (dona)
- Walk for 10–15 minutes after meals
- Aim for 150 minutes of activity a week
- Get your sugar checked once a year if you are over 35 or overweight
Get medical help now if
- Vomiting with deep, fast breathing or a fruity smell on the breath
- Severe drowsiness or confusion
- Shaking, sweating and confusion in someone taking diabetes medicine (possible low sugar)
This page is general health education and does not replace advice from a doctor or health worker.